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PART 5: COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE & DATA STRUCTURES (PAPER 1)

This concluding section focuses on the technical inner workings of the CPU, memory hierarchies, and the logic behind data organization.

1. CPU & Instruction Cycle

• The Standard Cycle: During instruction execution, the CPU follows a specific sequence: Fetch → Decode → Execute → Store.

• System Startup: The low-level firmware responsible for initializing hardware components during startup is the BIOS.

• Performance Factors: The overall computational performance of a computer system largely depends on Processor clock speed and primary memory size.

2. Memory Hierarchy & Measurements

• Memory Hierarchy: The storage medium providing the largest data capacity but with comparatively slower access speed is the Hard Disk Drive.

• Binary Measurement: Technically, one gigabyte (GB) is equal to 1024 Megabytes.

• RAM vs. ROM: * RAM is volatile (loses data when power is off).

  • ROM is non-volatile (retains data permanently).

• Data Flow: In program execution, instructions and data typically move from Secondary storage → RAM → CPU.

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3. Data Structures & Algorithms

• Queue (FIFO): A data structure where elements are processed strictly in the order they are inserted follows the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle.

• Stack (LIFO): A linear data structure where insertion and deletion operations occur at the same end is referred to as a Stack.

• Algorithm Design: * A clearly defined step-by-step logical procedure to solve a problem is an Algorithm.

  • The strategy of breaking a problem into smaller independent subproblems and then combining solutions is known as Divide and Conquer.

• Control Structures: A structure that repeatedly executes a block of instructions as long as a condition is true is Iteration (Looping).

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4. Digital Logic & Units

• Binary Units: In digital computing, a group of four binary digits (bits) is technically known as a Nibble.

• Machine Language: Instructions written directly in binary form and executed by the CPU without translation belong to Machine language.

• Universal Gates: NAND and NOR gates are classified as universal because they can be combined to construct any other logic gate.

• Print Quality: Printer resolution is technically expressed in DPI (Dots Per Inch).

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Category: Computer Science / GCE Revision

Tags: #DataStructures #CPU #MemoryHierarchy #Algorithms #BinaryUnits #Mock2026