A database is a collection of related data managed by a database management system (DBMS). DBMS handles data storage, retrieval, and management operations.

Software licensing defines rights and restrictions for software use. Different license types include proprietary, GPL, freeware, shareware, nagware, and adware licenses.

Software is the collection of programs and documentation that direct computers to perform tasks. Software is classified as system software or application software based on function.

The CPU is the computer’s processing center, controlling all operations and performing calculations. CPU design directly impacts system performance and computing capabilities.

Computer architecture describes the design and structure of computer systems. It involves selecting and interconnecting hardware components to meet specific performance and cost goals.

The OSI model consists of seven layers that describe network communication functions. Each layer has specific responsibilities in the data transmission process.

LANs and WANs represent different network types serving different geographic scales. Network topology refers to how network components are physically or logically arranged.

A computer network is a group of interconnected computer systems sharing resources and interacting through shared communication links. Networks enable efficient resource and information sharing.

Storage devices hold data and programs in computer systems. They include primary memory (RAM) and secondary storage like hard drives and solid state drives.

Output devices convert processed computer data into human-readable or usable formats. Monitors, printers, and speakers are common examples of output devices.