- Hand picking: removing one component of a mixture by hand, e.g. picking stones out of rice.
- Sieving: separates solid particles of different sizes, e.g. sieving dirt from sand.
- Winnowing: uses a current of air to separate lighter particles from heavier ones, e.g. separating chaff from grain.
- Sedimentation/decantation: letting an insoluble solid settle to the bottom, then pouring off the liquid above it.
- Use of a magnet: separates a magnetic solid from a non-magnetic one, e.g. iron filings from sulphur.
- Filtration: separates an insoluble solid from a liquid using filter paper — the solid left behind is the residue, and the liquid that passes through is the filtrate.
- Evaporation to dryness: separates a dissolved solid from its solution by heating away the solvent, e.g. recovering salt from salt water.
- Sublimation: separates a mixture of two solids where only one sublimes, e.g. separating sodium chloride from ammonium chloride.
- Simple distillation: recovers a solvent from a solution based on differences in boiling point, e.g. separating water from sea water.
- Fractional distillation: separates two or more miscible liquids with close boiling points, e.g. water and ethanol, or crude oil into its components — this is the method SONARA uses in Limbé to refine petroleum.
- Separating funnel: separates immiscible liquids, e.g. water and oil.
- Crystallisation: separates a salt that decomposes on strong heating, by cooling a saturated solution to grow crystals instead, e.g. recovering hydrated copper(II) sulphate crystals from solution.
- Paper chromatography: separates soluble components of a mixture based on how far each is carried by a solvent moving across absorbent paper, e.g. separating the colours in black ink, or the pigments in a green leaf.
Advance Level Further Mathematics Pamphlet
7,500CFA
Advanced Level Geology Pamphlet
7,500CFA
Advance Level Philosophy Pamphlet
7,500CFA
Ordinary Level Chemistry Pamphlet
6,500CFA
Advance Level Geography Pamphlet
7,500CFA
