The Paris Peace Settlement of 1919–1920 attempted to reorganize international relations after the First World War. The Conference Representatives of […]

The First World War produced consequences far beyond the battlefields and changed the political map of Europe, Africa and the […]

The First World War began in July 1914 and ended in November 1918. It grew from long-term rivalry and the […]

After German unification, Otto von Bismarck attempted to preserve Germany’s security by isolating France and maintaining a balance among European […]

Industrialization transformed European production and increased the demand for resources and overseas opportunities. Economic Motives Factories needed raw materials such […]

European powers used different administrative policies to control African territories, but all colonial systems ultimately subordinated African political authority. Direct […]

The Maji-Maji revolt and Abyssinian resistance show different forms of African opposition to European colonial expansion. Maji-Maji Revolt It began […]

African responses to European penetration included armed resistance, diplomatic negotiation, migration, non-cooperation and collaboration. Reasons for Resistance Defence of political […]

After establishing coastal footholds, European powers moved into the interior to secure territories, resources and strategic routes. Reasons for Expansion […]

The partition of Africa was the division of the continent among Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Spain and Portugal during […]