German colonial administration was headed by a governor and combined direct coercion with the use of selected traditional rulers as […]

The Berlin West African Conference of 1884–1885 established rules that European powers used to justify occupation and administration in Africa. […]

German annexation transformed Cameroon from a region of independent communities and coastal trading relations into a German colony. Reasons for […]

The scramble for Cameroon was the competition among European powers to control the territory in the late nineteenth century. Political […]

Before German annexation, several European powers visited and traded along the Cameroon coast. Their activities prepared the ground for the […]

Cameroon’s coast was connected to the wider world through early exploration and trade. These contacts preceded formal colonial occupation. Carthaginian […]

African societies maintained wide relations with regions outside the continent. These contacts involved trade, religion, culture, migration and the exchange […]

African art existed before written history and expressed religious beliefs, social identity, political authority and everyday experience. Forms of African […]

The Empire of Mali was founded by Sundiata Keita in the thirteenth century and became one of the greatest states […]

The Empire of Ghana was an important West African state that flourished between about 300 and 1240 AD. It grew […]